測量一般人的同理心量表
同理心是一個複雜但是十分重要的能力，特別是對於經常需要處理人與人之間相處的工作尤其重要，例如醫療專業人員。近來更是連警察都被要求需要有同理心，稱呼別人要小心（新聞）。
先前回顧了許多測量醫療專業人員的同理能力高低的量表，但有沒有測量非醫療專業人員的工具呢？
我從scopus搜尋了幾個關鍵字，包含了empathy、measurement、tool、assessment、reliability、validity等，並在幾篇回顧性文章的幫助之下找到了不少測量非醫療專業人員的測量工具。其中絕大多是自陳式量表，用來評估填答者自身的同理心能力或是人格特質，少部份是認知測驗。
若是要評估他人的同理心的量表非常的稀少。目前只有看到有：
- [[Other Dyadic Perspective-Taking scale]]：由伴侶評量感受到的另一伴的同理心
- [[Perceived empathy in online community]]：由作答者評量在社群網路上感受到被社群同理的程度
- [[Griffith Empathy Measure]]：由父母評量孩子可以同理他人的能力
評估他人的同理能力的量表非常的稀少這一點並不意外，畢竟一般人在生活中鮮有需要去評估他人同理心能力高低的時候。就算有，通常也只要自己在心裡面有個底就好，不需要實際上量化出來。除非像是伴侶接受伴侶治療時，也許治療師需要評估一下伴侶雙方對對方的感受時需要，又或者父母想要了解孩子的同理（心智）發展的情況，才需要將其量化。
因此，若要發展一般人使用的同理心評估量表，自評的看來已有不少現存工具。若要評他人的同理心能力，也許需要先想想使用的情境，畢竟機會真的不多。
測驗清單
| 測驗 | 模型 | 目標對象 |
|---|---|---|
| Toronto Empathy Questionnaire | reflective | 一般人 |
| Empathy Quotient | reflective | 一般人 |
| Hogan’s empathy scale | reflective | 一般人 |
| Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE) | reflective | 一般人 |
| Basic Empathy Scale (BES) | reflective | 青少年、一般人 |
| 青少年復原力量表 | reflective | 青少年 |
| short form Empathy Quotient | reflective | 一般人 |
| Perceived empathy in online community | formative | 一般人 |
| questionnaire measure of emotional empathy (QMEE) | reflective | 一般人 |
| Other Dyadic Perspective-Taking scale | reflective | 一般人 |
| Multidimensional Emotional Empathy Scale | reflective | 一般人、青少年 |
| interpersonal reactivity inventory | reflective | 一般人 |
| Griffith Empathy Measure | reflective | 兒童 |
| Feeling and Thinking Scale | reflective | 兒童 |
| Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES) | reflective | 一般人 |
參考文獻
主要
Hemmerdinger, J. M., Stoddart, S. D., & Lilford, R. J. (2007). A systematic review of tests of empathy in medicine. BMC Medical Education, 7(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-7-24
Ilgunaite, G., Giromini, L., & Girolamo, M. D. (n.d.). Measuring empathy: A literature review of available tools. 28.
Neumann, David. L., Chan, R. C. K., Boyle, Gregory. J., Wang, Y., & Rae Westbury, H. (2015). Measures of Empathy. In Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs (pp. 257–289). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386915-9.00010-3
Yu, J., & Kirk, M. (2009). Evaluation of empathy measurement tools in nursing: Systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(9), 1790–1806. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05071.x
其他相關文獻
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Allison, C., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., Stone, M. H., & Muncer, S. J. (2011). Psychometric analysis of the Empathy Quotient (EQ). Personality and Individual Differences, 51(7), 829–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.07.005
Alloway, T. P., Copello, E., Loesch, M., Soares, C., Watkins, J., Miller, D., Campell, G., Tarter, A., Law, N., Soares, C., & Ray, S. (2016). Investigating the reliability and validity of the Multidimensional Emotional Empathy Scale. Measurement, 90, 438–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2016.05.014
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